What is Japanese Encephalitis?
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a serious viral infection spread by mosquitoes that affects the brain. It's most common in rural areas of Asia and the Pacific regions.
Key Facts
- Caused by a flavivirus transmitted through mosquito bites
- Most common in rural agricultural areas
- Occurs mainly during rainy seasons
- Pigs and wading birds serve as virus reservoirs
Symptoms
Initial Symptoms (1-6 days after infection):
- High fever (38°C/100.4°F or higher)
- Headache
- Fatigue
- Nausea and vomiting
Severe Symptoms:
- Neck stiffness
- Seizures
- Confusion
- Paralysis
- Loss of consciousness
Risk Factors
- Living in or traveling to endemic areas
- Outdoor activities in rural areas
- Proximity to pig farms or rice paddies
- Lack of vaccination
Prevention
-
Vaccination
- Recommended for travelers to endemic areas
- Two-dose series for most adults
-
Mosquito Protection
- Use insect repellent
- Wear long sleeves and pants
- Stay in screened accommodations
- Avoid outdoor activities at dawn and dusk
Treatment
- No specific antiviral treatment exists
- Supportive care focuses on:
- Managing fever
- Controlling seizures
- Reducing intracranial pressure
- Providing respiratory support if needed
Recovery and Outlook
- Recovery time varies significantly
- 20-30% of cases result in death
- Among survivors:
- 30-50% have neurological complications
- Recovery can take several months
When to Seek Medical Care
Seek immediate medical attention if you develop symptoms after visiting an endemic area, especially:
- High fever with headache
- Mental status changes
- Seizures
- Neck stiffness