What is Anal Cancer?
Anal cancer is a malignancy that develops in the tissues of the anus, the opening at the end of the digestive tract. While relatively rare, its incidence has been increasing in recent years.
Risk Factors
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection
- Age (most common in people over 50)
- Smoking
- Weakened immune system
- History of multiple sexual partners
- Previous cervical, vaginal, or vulvar cancer
Common Symptoms
- Bleeding from the anus or rectum
- Pain or pressure in the anal area
- Itching or discharge
- Change in bowel habits
- Small lumps near the anus
- Swollen lymph nodes in the anal or groin area
Diagnosis
Initial Examination
- Digital rectal examination
- Anoscopy
- Biopsy of suspicious tissue
Additional Testing
- CT scans
- MRI
- PET scan for staging
Treatment Options
Primary Treatments
-
Combined Modality Therapy
- Chemotherapy and radiation (standard treatment)
- Often called "chemoradiation"
-
Surgery
- Local excision for small tumors
- Abdominoperineal resection for advanced cases
Follow-up Care
- Regular check-ups
- Imaging studies
- Management of side effects
Prevention
- HPV vaccination
- Safe sexual practices
- Regular screenings for high-risk individuals
- Smoking cessation
Prognosis
Prognosis varies depending on:
- Stage at diagnosis
- Response to treatment
- Overall health status
Support Resources
- Cancer support groups
- Counseling services
- Nutritional support
- Pain management specialists
When to Contact Your Doctor
Seek immediate medical attention if you experience:
- Persistent bleeding
- Severe pain
- Unexpected weight loss
- New or worsening symptoms