Understanding Bunions: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

What Is a Bunion?

A bunion (hallux valgus) is a bony deformity that develops at the base of the big toe, causing the first metatarsophalangeal joint to protrude and the big toe to angle inward toward the other toes.

Common Symptoms

• Visible bump on the side of the foot
• Pain and soreness around the affected joint
• Redness and inflammation
• Restricted toe movement
• Difficulty wearing certain shoes
• Calluses or corns where toes overlap

Risk Factors

• Family history
• Wearing tight or narrow shoes
• Foot structure and mechanics
• Arthritis
• Gender (more common in women)
• Age (risk increases with age)

Diagnosis

Physical Examination

• Visual inspection
• Range of motion testing
• Gait analysis

Imaging

• X-rays to assess severity
• Sometimes MRI for complicated cases

Treatment Options

Conservative Management

1. Footwear Modifications

   • Wide-toe box shoes
   • Orthopedic shoes
   • Custom orthotics

2. Pain Management

   • Over-the-counter pain relievers
   • Ice packs
   • Padding and taping

Surgical Options

• Bunionectomy
• Osteotomy
• Joint fusion
• Arthroplasty

Prevention Strategies

• Wear properly fitting shoes
• Choose low-heeled shoes
• Use orthotics when recommended
• Monitor early signs
• Maintain healthy weight

When to See a Doctor

• Persistent pain
• Difficulty walking
• Increasing deformity
• Limited toe movement

Recovery and Outlook

With appropriate treatment, most people experience significant improvement. Recovery from surgery typically takes 6-12 weeks, with full recovery possible within 4-6 months.