What is Congenital Heart Disease?
Congenital heart disease (CHD) refers to structural problems with the heart that are present at birth. These defects develop during pregnancy and can affect the heart's walls, valves, or blood vessels.
Common Types of CHD
Septal Defects
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Atrial Septal Defect (ASD): A hole between the heart's upper chambers
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Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): A hole between the heart's lower chambers
Valve Defects
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Pulmonary Stenosis: Narrowing of the pulmonary valve
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Aortic Stenosis: Narrowing of the aortic valve
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Tetralogy of Fallot: A combination of four defects
Signs and Symptoms
In Newborns
- Bluish skin color (cyanosis)
- Rapid breathing
- Poor feeding
- Poor weight gain
In Older Children
- Easily tired during exercise
- Shortness of breath
- Heart palpitations
- Chest pain
Diagnosis
- Physical examination
- Echocardiogram
- Chest X-ray
- Cardiac catheterization
- MRI or CT scan
Treatment Options
Conservative Management
- Regular monitoring
- Medications
- Lifestyle modifications
Surgical Interventions
- Open-heart surgery
- Catheter-based procedures
- Valve replacement
Living with CHD
Lifestyle Considerations
- Regular medical check-ups
- Proper dental hygiene
- Exercise as recommended
- Balanced nutrition
Long-term Outlook
- Many patients lead normal lives
- Regular monitoring required
- Pregnancy considerations for women
- Need for lifelong cardiac care
Prevention and Support
- Genetic counseling
- Family planning
- Support groups
- Educational resources