What Is a Hernia?
A hernia occurs when an organ or tissue pushes through a weak spot in the surrounding muscle or connective tissue (fascia). This creates a bulge that may be visible or palpable through the skin.
Common Types of Hernias
Inguinal Hernia
- Most common type (especially in men)
- Occurs in the groin area
- Can extend into the scrotum
Umbilical Hernia
- Appears around the navel
- Common in newborns and pregnant women
- May resolve spontaneously in infants
Incisional Hernia
- Develops at the site of previous surgery
- Results from incomplete healing of surgical wounds
Hiatal Hernia
- Occurs in the upper stomach/diaphragm area
- Can cause reflux symptoms
Signs and Symptoms
- Visible bulge or lump
- Pain or discomfort, especially when:
- Lifting heavy objects
- Bending over
- Coughing
- Straining
- Burning sensation
- Pressure in affected area
Risk Factors
- Obesity
- Pregnancy
- Chronic cough
- Heavy lifting
- Previous surgery
- Family history
- Aging
Diagnosis
- Physical examination
- Imaging tests:
- Ultrasound
- CT scan
- MRI (in specific cases)
Treatment Options
Conservative Management
- Watchful waiting for small, asymptomatic hernias
- Lifestyle modifications
- Weight management
Surgical Repair
-
Open Surgery
- Traditional approach
- Larger incision
- Longer recovery time
-
Laparoscopic Surgery
- Minimally invasive
- Smaller incisions
- Faster recovery
Complications
Warning Signs (Seek immediate care):
- Severe pain
- Nausea/vomiting
- Fever
- Hernia bulge turns red/purple
- Cannot be pushed back in
Prevention
- Maintain healthy weight
- Proper lifting techniques
- Regular exercise
- Avoid heavy lifting when possible
- Quit smoking
- Treat chronic cough
Recovery
- Follow post-surgical instructions
- Gradual return to activities
- Avoid heavy lifting for 6-8 weeks
- Watch for signs of recurrence