Understanding Hydrocephalus

What is Hydrocephalus?

Hydrocephalus is a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulates within the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) of the brain. This accumulation causes the ventricles to expand and puts pressure on surrounding brain tissue.

Types of Hydrocephalus

• Congenital Hydrocephalus: Present at birth
• Acquired Hydrocephalus: Develops after birth
• Communicating Hydrocephalus: CSF flow is blocked after leaving the ventricles
• Non-communicating Hydrocephalus: CSF flow is blocked within the ventricular system

Common Causes

• Birth defects
• Brain hemorrhage
• Meningitis or other infections
• Brain tumors
• Head trauma
• Complications of premature birth

Symptoms

In Infants:

• Enlarged head size
• Bulging fontanel (soft spot)
• Prominent scalp veins
• Vomiting
• Irritability

In Adults and Older Children:

• Headache
• Vision problems
• Balance difficulties
• Memory problems
• Urinary incontinence
• Gait disturbances

Diagnosis

• Neurological Examination
• Brain Imaging:
  • CT scan
  • MRI
  • Ultrasound (in infants)

Treatment Options

1. Surgical Interventions:

   • Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt
   • Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV)

2. Regular Monitoring:

   • Follow-up appointments
   • Shunt function assessment
   • Developmental evaluations

Living with Hydrocephalus

• Regular medical check-ups
• Recognition of shunt malfunction signs
• Activity modifications as needed
• Support group participation

When to Seek Emergency Care

• Severe headache
• Repeated vomiting
• Unusual drowsiness
• Vision changes
• Sudden behavior changes

Prognosis

With proper treatment and monitoring, many people with hydrocephalus lead normal, productive lives. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for optimal outcomes.