What is Ovarian Cancer?
Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the ovaries - the female reproductive organs that produce eggs and hormones. It can affect one or both ovaries and may spread to other parts of the body.
Types of Ovarian Cancer
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Epithelial Tumors: Most common (90% of cases), starts in the outer surface of ovaries
-
Germ Cell Tumors: Rare, develops in egg-producing cells
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Stromal Tumors: Develops in hormone-producing tissue
Risk Factors
- Age (usually over 50)
- Family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer
- BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations
- Never having been pregnant
- Endometriosis
- Obesity
- Hormone replacement therapy
Common Symptoms
Early Signs
- Bloating
- Pelvic or abdominal pain
- Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly
- Urinary symptoms (urgency or frequency)
Later Signs
- Fatigue
- Back pain
- Constipation
- Menstrual changes
- Abdominal swelling
Diagnosis
- Physical examination
- Blood tests (CA-125)
- Imaging (ultrasound, CT, MRI)
- Surgery for definitive diagnosis
Treatment Options
Surgery
- Removal of affected ovary(s)
- Hysterectomy if necessary
- Lymph node removal
Chemotherapy
- Usually platinum-based
- Given before or after surgery
Targeted Therapy
- PARP inhibitors
- Antiangiogenic therapy
Prevention and Screening
- Regular check-ups
- Genetic testing if family history
- Consider oral contraceptives
- Maintain healthy weight
- Report symptoms promptly
Support and Resources
- Support groups
- Counseling services
- Patient advocacy organizations
- Clinical trial information
Follow-up Care
- Regular monitoring
- Managing side effects
- Lifestyle modifications
- Emotional support