What is Pneumonia?
Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation in the air sacs (alveoli) of one or both lungs. These air sacs may fill with fluid or pus, causing symptoms such as cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
Common Causes
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Bacterial infections: Streptococcus pneumoniae (most common)
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Viral infections: Including influenza and COVID-19
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Fungal infections: Less common, mainly in immunocompromised patients
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Aspiration pneumonia: From inhaling food, drink, or stomach contents
Risk Factors
- Age (very young and elderly)
- Weakened immune system
- Smoking
- Chronic diseases
- Recent surgery or hospitalization
Key Symptoms
- Cough with phlegm
- Fever, sweating, and chills
- Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
- Chest pain when breathing or coughing
- Fatigue and weakness
- Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
Diagnosis
- Physical examination
- Chest X-ray
- Blood tests
- Sputum culture
- Pulse oximetry
Treatment Options
Medication
- Antibiotics (for bacterial pneumonia)
- Antiviral medications (for viral pneumonia)
- Pain relievers and fever reducers
Supportive Care
- Rest and hydration
- Breathing exercises
- Humidified air
Prevention
- Get vaccinated (pneumococcal and flu vaccines)
- Practice good hygiene
- Don't smoke
- Maintain a healthy lifestyle
When to Seek Medical Care
Emergency Signs:
- Severe difficulty breathing
- Chest pain
- Confusion
- Persistent fever
- Blue lips or fingernails
Recovery
Recovery time varies but typically takes:
- 1-2 weeks for younger, healthy adults
- 6-8 weeks for older adults or those with underlying conditions
Follow-up Care
- Complete all prescribed medications
- Attend follow-up appointments
- Get recommended vaccines
- Monitor for recurring symptoms