What is Tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs, though it can impact other parts of the body. It spreads through the air when infected individuals cough, speak, or sneeze.
Types of TB
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Latent TB: Bacteria are present but inactive (not contagious)
-
Active TB: Bacteria are active and can spread to others
Common Symptoms
- Persistent cough (lasting more than 3 weeks)
- Coughing up blood or sputum
- Chest pain
- Fatigue
- Unexplained weight loss
- Night sweats
- Fever
- Loss of appetite
Risk Factors
- Close contact with TB-infected individuals
- Living in or traveling to high-risk areas
- Weakened immune system
- HIV/AIDS
- Certain medical conditions
- Substance abuse
Diagnosis
-
Skin Test (PPD): Measures immune response to TB bacteria
-
Blood Tests: Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs)
-
Chest X-ray: Shows lung involvement
-
Sputum Tests: Confirms active infection
Treatment
For Latent TB
- Preventive antibiotics for 3-9 months
For Active TB
- Combination of antibiotics for 6-9 months
- Common medications include:
- Isoniazid
- Rifampin
- Ethambutol
- Pyrazinamide
Prevention
- BCG vaccination in high-risk areas
- Regular screening for high-risk individuals
- Proper ventilation
- Isolation of active cases
- Contact tracing
Important Considerations
- Complete entire course of antibiotics
- Regular follow-up with healthcare provider
- Monitor for side effects
- Maintain good nutrition
When to Seek Medical Attention
Contact your healthcare provider if you:
- Experience TB symptoms
- Have been exposed to someone with TB
- Are having medication side effects
Support and Resources
- Local health department
- TB clinics
- WHO resources
- Support groups